1 DTPA / MAG3 / DMSA

---

99mTc-DTPA - cleared by glomerular filtration

99mTc-MAG3 - cleared by glomerular filtration and tubular excretion - more useful if renal function is impaired or in children.

99mTc-DMSA - accumulates in renal tubules, gives map of functioning renal tissue, useful in cortical masses or scarring.

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MedicoNotebook - Founder : DrShiviMudgal , Co-Founder : DrAyushGoel

1 Surgery points

---

1) Ideal time for surgery: 
                    undescended testes;  9-12months > 6months.. , but if b/l , then 1st testis at 6 months 
                    Cleft lip : 3-6 mont  
                    Cleft palate : 9 -18 months..

2) Most common benigh tumour of stomach- Now it is LEIOMYOMA

3) Best prognostic factor for Wilm's? - HISTOLOGY 

4) Any patient who is hemodynamically unstable (in abdominal or chest injury) or is rapidly deteriorating in head injury-- do immediate surgery .. craniotomy without CT... On the side where pupils dialtes first or Opposite to hemiparesis

5) Most common lung ca associated with pancost tumor-SQAMOUS CA

6) Treatment of choice for annular pancreas: duodenojejunostomy

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0 Radiation dose - Units

---

Radiation dose is quantified using both the conventional units system and the international system of units, or SI.

• “Radiation exposure” is measured in roentgens (R) for conventional units or coulombs per kilogram (C/kg) in SI units.

• “Absorbed dose” is measured in rads (rad) for conventional units or grays (Gy) for SI units.

• “Equivalent dose” is measured in rems in conventional units or sieverts (Sv) for SI units.

• “Effective dose” is measured in effective dose equivalents (Sv—1977 tissue-weighting factors), or sieverts (Sv) for SI units.

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MedicoNotebook - Founder : DrShiviMudgal , Co-Founder : DrAyushGoel

0 Beta Sheets

---

Beta Sheets

• Richly present in --- Silk
• Kinked by -------- Proline 
• MC amino acids--- Glysine , Alanine , Serine

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MedicoNotebook - Founder : DrShiviMudgal , Co-Founder : DrAyushGoel

0 Lemniscus

Medial Lemniscus ------- Posterior Column

Anterior spinothalmic tract joins Medial lemniscus


Spinal Lemniscus -------- Lateral Spinothalmic tract  (Mnemonic SL-LS)


Lateral Leiniscus --------- Auditory Pathways (Choclear) 

0 Migraine

Q. MC symptom Accompanying Severe Migraine Attack ?

a. Nausea

b. Photophobia

c. Vomiting

d. Visual disturbances

ANSWER:

Ans : A , ref: Harrison's 17 ed

0 Neuroglial cells

• Astrocytes --------- for nutrition
• Oligodendrocytes -- Myelinate tracts (CNS)
• Microglia ---------- Macrophages of CNS
• Ependymal Cells--- Columner lining of cavities of CNS

0 Accessory fissure

Most commonly seen accessory fissure in Lungs on CXR ?
a. Azygous fissure
b. Superior accessory fissure
c. Inferior accessory fissure
d. Left sided horizontal fissure

ANSWER:

Ans : C
Azygous fissure is mostly right sided - seen in 0.4% CXR
Superior - 5%
Inferior - 5 - 8%
Left horizontal - rare

0 Antemortem Wound

Peripheral area Positive enzymes

Enzymes

1. Serotonin ------------- 10 mins
2. Frestamini ------------ 20 to 30 mins
3. ATPase , esterase----- 1 Hr
4. Aminopeptidase------- 2 hr
5. Acid Phosphatase----- 4 hr
6. Alkaline Phosphatase--- 8 hr

0 Medical One Liners Page 1 (1-50)

1. Heart size is Normal in : TOF and TAPVC ( infracardiac form)

2. Visual reflex formation or Macula mature by 5-6 months life

3. Gardasil -- 16 , 18 , 6 , 11

    Cervarix -- 16 , 18

4. Renal tubular acidosis -- Normal Anion gap Hyperchloremic Metabolic Acidosis

    Point to remember -- its NORMAL in Serum but POSITIVE anion gap in Urine

5. Ectopic ACTH Syndrome -- Hypokalemic Alkalosis

6. Anatomical Closure of Ductus arteriosus -- 1-3 months after birth. (ref: Langman's embryology & Guyton)

7. Corneal donor -- till 6 hour after death

8. Nerve fibers -- A and B are Myelinated ; A to C - Diameter and Velocity decrease

9. For Congenital hypothyroidism -- TSH , best done >48 hrs - 6 days life

10. Child of HIV positive Mother -- Cant use IgG for 1st 18 months to diagnose as that comes from
      mother. So p24 assay , PCR , Viral Culture are used.

11. Neomycin is present in Polio Vaccine

12. TORCH infectivity -- All at time of birth BUT Rubella has 2 peaks i.e 10 -11 wks and delivery.

13. Unchanged during child birth -- Diameter between Sacral promontary and Pubic Symphisis.

14. RAIU -- I 123 ;
      RIA ---- I 125

15. CO poisoning -- PO2 Normal but O2 saturation is less.

16. Fetal distress -- S/D ratio-- increases in Umblical Artery , decreases in MCA.

17. All Myopathies are Proximal except Myotonic Dystrophy (type 1)

18. All Neuropathies are Distal except GBS and SMA.

19. Glysine is the smallest and simplest Amino Acid.

20. Adder Head on IVP -- Ureterocele

21. Flower vase / shaking hand sign -- Horseshoe kidney

22. Ligament of Struthers.-- remnant of 3rd head of coracobrachialis , runs from supracondylar spur on anteromedial humerus to medial epicondyle, median n and brachial a may run beneath it.

23. Shortest Colon - Ascending
      Longest Colon - Transverse

24. Trigeminal Neuralgia rarely involves Ophthalmic division
      If in a young / if it is Bilateral -- then Multiple Sclerosis is a key consideration

25. After overnight fasting , levels of glucose transporters are reduced in Muscle.

26. Pacini Corpuscles -- detects gross pressure changes and vibration

27. Epiphyseal dysgenesis -- in Hypothyroidism

28. In Hypothyroidism --- Increased CSF protein

29. Most characteristic cutaneous manifestation of FMF (Familial Medit. fever) -- Erysipelas like erythema.

30. Two halves of Mandible join together by 2yrs of Life

31. Syphilitic Aortitis -- Proximal Ascending Aorta

32. Superficial spreading melanoma -- Buckshot appearance (Pagetoid cells)

33. Seborrheic Keratoses -- Stuck on lesion

34. Finger prints can be taken in cases of advanced decomposition and drowning
      But NOT in case of corrosion

35. Generally all bones ossify earlier in females
      Skull sutures obliterate earlier in Males.

36. Anterior neuropore closes by 25th day, and posterior one closes by 27th day of IUL.

37. Gittre cells are modified CNS macrophages.

38. Hirano Bodies in Hyppocampus -- Alzheimer's

39. Acrocentric Chromosomes -- 13 , 14 , 15 , 21 , 22 , Y

40. LAP increased in -- Leukamoid reaction , Polycythemia Vera
              decreased in -- CML , PNH

41. Schistiocyte -- MicroAngiopathic Hemolytic anaemia

42. Tear Drop cell -- Myelofibrosis

43. Target cell -- Thallesemia , HbC disease , Liver disease.

44. Good ALL -- Female , 2-10 years , Hyperdiploidy , B-ALL (NOT preB-ALL)

45. Pregnancy tumor of gums = Granuloma pyogenicum

46. RCC = Hypernephroma = Grawitz Tumor

47. Holly leaf mesangial deposits -- FSGN

48. Spike & Dome , String of Popcorn -- Membranous GN

49. Wire loop -- Class IV Lupus Nephritis

50. Post Mortem staining is well developed in 4 hrs and becomes fixed in 6-12 hrs

0 ADPKD / Marfan's ?

Q1. A 30 year old male of normal stature presents with the “worst headache of his life”, and a 3 month history of hematuria and flank pain. A CT reveals a ruptured berry aneurysm. He has a history of hypertension, a mid systolic click followed by a murmur starting in the left 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line and radiating into the left axilla, and intermittent hematuria with flank pain. His BUN is 80 mg/dL (normal 7-18 mg/dL) and his serum creatinine is 8mg/dL (normal 0.6-1.2 mg/dL). Previous CTs of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis reveal no abnormalities. What would you most likely find on physical exam?

A - Laterally displaced PMI
B - Bilateral abdominal masses
C - Positive Rovsig’s sign
D- hyperextensible joints

Q2. A 30 year old male of abnormally tall stature presents with the “worst headache of his life”, and a 3 month history of hematuria and flank pain. A CT reveals a ruptured berry aneurysm. He has a history of hypertension, a mid systolic click followed by a murmur starting in the left 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line and radiating into the left axilla, and intermittent hematuria with flank pain. His BUN is 80 mg/dL (normal 7-18 mg/dL) and his serum creatinine is 8mg/dL (normal 0.6-1.2 mg/dL). Previous CTs of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis reveal no abnormalities. What would you most likely find on physical exam?

A - Laterally displaced PMI
B - Bilateral abdominal masses
C - Positive Rovsig’s sign
D-hyperextensible joints

ANSWER:

1. B
This is a classic case of polycystic kidney disease which commonly presents with bilateral abdominal masses (very large kidneys) on palpitation, flank pain, hematuria, hypertension, and progressive renal failure. The berry aneurysm and midsystolic click and murmur caused by mitral valve prolapse are also associated with polycystic kidney disease. APKD1 and APKD2 are the genes involved. This disease is mostly autosomal dominant so look for a family history.
2. D
this is a case of marfan's syndrome.the tall stature is a characteristic feature.the berry aneurysm can be explained by the fact that cystic medial degeneration leading to aneurysms is a common feature here.the murmur described is characteristic of mitral valve prolapse,which is common in marfan's.the presence of renal abnormalities have been recently demonstrated in marfan's , the most common is polycystic kidney.

0 Snow

• Snow Flake cataract ------------ Diabetes
• Snow Flake Opacity ------------ River Blindness
• Snow Banking and Snow Balls -- Pars Planitis (Intermediate Uveitis)
• Snow Blinness ------------------ Photophtalmia

0 Cranial trauma

About cranial trauma false is:
a) Racoon eyes seen in subgaleal hemorrhage
b) Depressed skull # is ALWAYS over the immediate area of impact of brain
c) corticocavernous fistual occur in base skull #
d) post traumatic epilepsy seen in 15%

ANSWER:

Ans is B , NOT A....
BATTLE SIGN- Bruising behind ear at mastoid region, due to petrous temporal bone# (middle fossa #)
LIGHT HOUSE SIGN--- seeping out of secretions in acute OTITIS media
RACOON SIGN-Indicate subgaleal hemorrhage,and not necessarly base of skull #
STANKIEWICK'S SIGN - indicate orbital injury during FESS. fat protrude in to nasl cavity on compression of eye ball from ouside
TEA POT SIGN is seen in CSF rhinorrhoea.

0 Acquired cataract

Etiology : 

1. Senile
2. Metabolic
3. Complicated
4. Toxic
5. Traumatic
6. Radiational

Posterior SubCapsular (PSC) -- diminishes the vision most (because it is near to nodal point)
-----------------------------
A.  Senile

Cortical - due to imbibition of water
Stages
Lamellar separation -->Intumuscent ---> Mature --> Hypermature (Morgagnian) --> MC Complication - Phacolytic Glaucoma

Nuclear
Nuclear Sclerosis (deposition of insoluble AA and pigments)
Immature ---> Mature---> Hypermature Nuclear sclerotic ---> MC complication -- Subluxation of lens

Secondary sight of Old Age -- Nuclear Sclerosis -- Lens Refractive index increases.

-----------------------------
Causes of Frequent changes of Presbiopic glasses.

1. Intumuscent Cataract
2. Late stage primary open angle glaucoma
3. Diabetes (Hyperglycemia -- Myotic shift of glasses)

--------------------------------

B.  Metabolic

1. Diabetes -- Snow Flake / Snow storm cataract , due to sorbitol accumulation ,
   enzyme involved -- NADPH dependent Aldose Reductase
2. Galactosemia -- Oil Droplet cataract
3. Chalcosis (Cu) -- Sunflower Cataract
4. Lowes Syndrome -- Cataract + Posterior Lenticonus / Lentiglobus

(Anterior Lenticonus -- Alport's )

-----------------------------------------

C.  Complicated

Pathognomic feature -- Polychromatic Lustre = Bread Crum appearance.

-----------------------------------

D. Toxic

1. Steroids (PSC)
2. Long acting Myotic
3. Phenothiazines
4. Amiodarone
5. Busulphan
6. Gold

------------------------------------

E. Traumatic

Perforating (generally Anterior Polar)

Blunt / Concussion

1. Rossette shaped - in Anterior cortex
2. Vossius ring (Ant Capsule).
3. Berlin's Edema (Comotio Retinae)
   Cherry Red Spot at Macula

---------------------------------------

F. Radiational

PSC is MC type

---------------------------------------

ICCE as treatment is ONLY indicated in SUBLUXATION OF LENS

--------------------------------------

T/t -- SICS , Phaco

Phaco uses Foldable IOL -- MC Acryl

----------------------------------------

0 Congenital Cataract

Types:

1. Blue Dot (MC type)
2. Cataracta Purvulenta
3. Lamellar / Zonular (MC causing diminution of vision) -- (shows Riders )
4. Anterior Polar
5. Posterior Polar
6. Total Congenital

Causes of Lamellar / Zonular --- 1. Rubella

                                                   2. Vitamin D deficiency

----------------

Congenital Rubella Syndrome

Mn: CHD -- Cataract (MC Nuclear Pearly) , Heart dis , Deaf

Ocular features -- 

1. Microphthalmus
2. Rubella Keratitis
3. Angle anomaly - Glaucoma
4. Nuclear Pearly Cataract
5. Salt and peppery fundus

-------------------------

Salt and Peppery Fundus -- Causes

1. Rubella
2. Syphilis
3. Mytonic Dystrophy
4. Retinitis Pigmentosa
5. Lebers Amauresis

0 Lens

Lens Capsule thinnest at Posterior Pole

Youngest fibers -- Cortex
They are formed throughout life.

The Lens is Avascular , Dehydrated , has anaerobic metabolism (80%) , develops from surface ectoderm.

Anterior surface is LESS convex.

1 Ostium Primum and secundum

---

PuLSaR

Primum -- Left axis deviation

Secundum -- Right axis deviation

---

0 Na K ATPase Pump

3 Na ---> Out ,
2 K <---- In


1. Thyroid Hormones and insulin -- Increase its activity

2. Aldosterone ------------------- Increase number as well as activity

3. Dopamine --------------------- Decrease activity

0 Hounsfield Number

Hounsfield no. depends upon:
a. mass density
b. electron density
c. atomic no.
d. atomic mass

ANSWER:

Out of these choices - Ans is ELECTRON DENSITY
But better answer is attenuation coefficient which is not in the options here.

0 Cavitary Lung Lesion

---

Q. Cavitary lung lesion is seen in all except ?

a. malignant melanoma

b. RCC

c. ca cervix

d. osteosarcoma

ANSWER:

Ans : RCC
Cavitating lung mets D/D
1.Squamous cell carcinoma (2/3): nasopharynx (males), cervix (females), esophagus
2.Adenocarcinoma (colorectal)
3.Sarcoma: Ewing sarcoma, osteo-, myxo-, angiosarcoma
4.Melanoma
5.Seminoma, teratocarcinoma
6.Wilms tumor

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0 Surfactant

Phosphatidyl choline (65%)

Phosphatidyl glycerol ( It is the major surfactant absent deficient in premature)

Phosphatidyl ethanolamine

Phosphatidyl inositol

Protein A, B, C, D

0 Randomised Control Trials (RCT)

1. About RCT all are true except?

A)baseline characterstics are comparable
B)bias can be eliminated by double blinding
C)Sample size depends on the type of study
D)dropouts excluded from the study


2. About RCT all are true except?

A)baseline characterstics are comparable
B)bias can be eliminated by double blinding
C) Hypothesis depends on the sample size
D)dropouts excluded from the study

ANSWER:

1. D
Dropouts are not always excluded from the study.... They may be.... , In RCT, sample size depends upon the type of trial, whether it is superiority trial,inferiority or equivalance trial
2. C > D
Hypothesis does NOT depend on the sample size... so it is completely wrong , hence better answer than option D in 2nd question.

0 Ectopia Lentis - Syndromes

Marfan's -- Supero Temporal Ectopia Lentis (EL)

Hemosystenuria -- Infero Medial

Ehler Danlos (Also has blue sclera)

Wheel marchesini ( downward and forward EL )

0 Iris atrophy and pearls

0 Half Life

18 - FDG ----- 110 min

Tc 99 --------- 6hrs

I 123 ----------13 hrs

I 131 ---------- 8 days

Co 60 --------- 5.27 years

Cezium 137 --- 30 yrs

Rad 226 ------ 1600 years

Uranium ------ Longest

0 Maximum Potassium

1. Max potassium secreted in.?

a.saliva
b.gastric secretion
c.jejunal secretion
d.colonic secretion

2. Max concentration of potassium in.?
a.saliva
b.gastric secretion
c.jejunal secretion
d.colonic secretion

ANSWER:

Ans :
1. A
,
2. D
Highest K+ concentration in colonic fluid (15-80 mEq/L; usually more than 40 mEq/L)- concentration in saliva 15-20 mEq/L and never more than 30 mEq/L.....Maximum K+ is secreted by saliva- volume of saliva per day 1000-1500 mL whereas volume of colonic fluid less than 100 mL

2 Animals - chronically exposed to cold

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Q. True regarding animals that are chronically exposed to cold ?

a)increased sympathetic stimulation

b)increases vagal action

c)increased insulin levels in blood

d)decreased blood supply to adipose

ANSWER:

Ans A , exposure to cold, whether acute or chronic results in an increase in sympathetic stimulation.

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MedicoNotebook - Founder : DrShiviMudgal , Co-Founder : DrAyushGoel

0 Wave sign of Mulvey

---

A normal thymus in newborns and young children appears as a triangular structure that may project on one side or both side of mediastinum. Its borders can be indented by the costal cartilages giving it a wavy appearance, which is known as "Wave sign of Mulvey". (1)

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References:
1. David Sutton MCAR(Hon) MD DSMDFRCPFRCRDMRD, FRCR RRMDFRCP, FRCP JMMBBSMRCP. Textbook of radiology and imaging. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN:0443071098. Read it at Google Books - Find it at Amazon

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0 Coombs' Test

Indirect Coombs' Test (Detects Ab against RBCs that are present unbound in serum)

1. Used in Prenatal testing of pregnant women 
2. and in testing blood Prior to Blood transfusion

-----------------------

Direct Coombs' Test (dectects the Abs or complement proteins that are bound to the surface of RBCs.)

1. used After blood transfusion

Mnemonic : ABCD

-----------------------

0 Malignant Mesothelioma Staging

Staging (Boutin modification of Butchart staging):

IA --- confined to ipsilateral parietal/diaphragmatic pleura

IB --- + visceral pleura, lung, pericardium

II ---- invasion of chest wall/mediastinum (esophagus, heart, contralateral pleura) or metastases to thoracic lymph nodes

III ---- penetration of diaphragm with peritoneal involvement or metastases to extrathoracic lymph nodes

IV ---- distant hematogenous metastases

1 Louse Borne

Louse Borne ---- (L T RED ) - Lecture Theater RED

1. Trench fever

2. Relapsing fever (epidemic) - Borelia Recurrentis

3. Epidemic Typhus ---------- Rickettsia P rowazekii

4. Dermatitis


Louse borne are epidemic

0 Optic glioma

Which one of the following statements is incorrect about Optic glioma?
A. Has a peak incidence in first decade
B. Arises from oligodendrocytes
C. Causes meningeal hyperplasia
D. Is associated with type I neurofibromatosis

ANSWER:

Ans : B
1. disease of childhood and most patients present before the age of 10
2. associated with type I neurofibromatosis in 60% of patients
3. present with decreased vision, proptosis or strabismus
4. tumour is fusiform in appearance and causes optic foramen enlargement
5. slow growing tumour
6.histologically, presence of pilocystic (hair-like) tumour cells (astrocytoma) and Rosenthal fibres. Cystic spaces may be present.
7.may be confused with meningioma as it can extend into the meninges causing meningeal hyperplasia

3 Active managment of 3rd stage of labour

1. Which of the following is not included in active managment of 3rd stage of labour?
A..administration of uterotonic within 1min of delivery.
B. immediate clamping, cutting n ligation.
C.Gen massage of uterus
d.controlled cord traction

2. Active management of 3rd stage of labour include all except ?
A.oxytocin injection
b.ergometrine inj.
C.controlled cord traction
d.gentle massage of uterus

ANSWER:

1. B
2. D

1 Resting Membrane Potentials

RMP	Tissue	Depolarization due to
-70	Most Cells	Na+
-90	Skeletal Muscle	Na+
-90	Ventricle	Na+
-90	Large Motor Spinal Neuron	Na+
-30 to -40	Smooth Muscle	Ca+
-30 to -40	SA node	Ca+

Increase K+ in ECF --- decreases RMP i.e -70 to -65 mV

Please note that here decrease is not taking negative sign into consideration.

3 Cereals, Maize and Pulses

Cereals --- deficient in Lysine


Maize ----- excess of Leucine -- therefore decrease Niacin


Pulses ----- poor in Methionine & Cystein
                    
                    rich in Lysine


Lysine is a Basic AminoAcid with Positive Charge at Normal PH

1 MsAFP , LAP , Inhibin

Low Ms-AFP --- 1. Chromosomal Trisomy
                            2. Gestational trophoblastic diseases


Low LAP -------- 1. PNH
                             2. CML


Inhibin A --------- 1. Down's
                             2. Granulosa Cell Tumor


Inhibin B ---------- Ovarian Reserve Test

(The most commonly used test to assess this ovarian reserve is the day 3 FSH test. )

0 Normal Values

Important to remember	Normal Values
S. Protein Albumin Globulin	5.5 – 8 g/dl 3.5 – 5.5 g/dl 2 – 3.5 g/dl
AST	0-35 U/L
ALT	0-35 U/L
ALP	30 – 120 IU/L
ACE	<40U/L
PT (extrinsic  clotting  pathway)	11.1 – 13.1 sec
APTT (intrinsic  clotting  pathway)	22.1 – 35.1 sec
S.Bilirubin Total Direct Indirect	0.3 – 1 mg/dl 0.1 – 0.3 mg/dl 0.2 – 0.7 mg/dl
Blood Urea Nitrogen	10 – 20 mg/dl
Urine Creatinine Protein	1 – 1.6 g/day <150 mg/day
Serum Creatinine	<1.5 mg/dl
Plasma Osmolarity	280 – 290 mosm/l
DLco	21 ml/mmHg/min
DLO2	25 ml/mmHg/min ( 21 x 1.23)
Renal Plasma Flow (RPF)	750 ml/min
GFR	125 ml/min
CVP	10-12 mm Hg
PCWP	9-12 mm Hg
MCV	80-100 fl
MCH	27 – 32 pg
MCHC	32 – 38 g/dl
Red Cell Bandwidth	<14.5%

0 Iodine control program

Impact and efficiency of iodine control program can be estimated by?
a)neonatal thyroxine levels
b)urinary iodine levels in pregnant women.
c)goitre in pregnant women
d)goitre in children

ANSWER:

(Answer is NOT A) Ans : B -- module of IDD program confirms that the urinary iodine level is the best indicator for assessing impact of program

1 Endocarditis

Endocarditis & Organisms responsible

1 Some Forensic Medicine Mnemonics

1. Ossification centers -  (CaSt Takes SaFe Cushion)  
   
   Ca        - Calcaneum - 5 months
   St         - Sternum    - 6
   Takes    - Talus        - 7
   Sa         - Sacrum     - 8
   Fe         - Femur       - 9
   Cushion -Cuboid      -10
2. 
   
3. 
   
4. Permanent Teeth (Mom Is In Pain Papa Can Make Medicine)
   
   M1 - 6yr
   I    - 7
   I    - 8
   P1  - 9
   P2  - 10
   C    - 11
   M2  - 12
   M3  - 18-25
   

1. Temporary Teeth (South Indian Idlis Mom Can Make)
   
   S - means South so lower first
   I (Lower Middle) - 6 months
     (Upper Middle) - 8
   I (Upper Lateral) - 10 (see here upper first)
     (Lower Lateral) - 12
   M1------------------ 14
   C-------------------- now 18 (no sweet sixteen)
   M2------------------ 24-30 months
   

1. Primer ( BLAST )
   
   B - Barium nitrate
   L - Lead Styphnate
   A - Antimony
   S - Sulphide
   T - Tetrazine

0 Most Commons Page 4

MC cause of Non Union	Early mobilization
1st Clinical sign of union	Mineralized callus
MC cause of Pseudoarthrosis	NF1
MC compartment (VIC)  - MC muscle - MC cause -	Anterior Compartment forearm FDP Tight circumferential dressing / POP
MC cause of Sudeck’s	Colles’ fracture
MC association of carpel tunnel	Hypothyroidism
MC presentation of Cong. Dislocation knee	Hyperextension
MC extraskeletal manifestation of AS	Anterior Uveitis
MC gastroenteritis in <2year	Rotavirus (dsRNA Segmented)
MC Renal vascular anomaly	Supernumerary renal arteries
MC cysts in Spleen	Hydatid Cyst
MC infectious cause of Non Immune Hydrops Fetalis	Parvovirus
MC type of Nasopharangeal Ca	SCC
MC infectious cause of Erythema Nodosum	Streptococcus
MC site of sequestration	Left Lower lobe – posterior basal segment
MC renal artery stenosis Old Young Female Young female (Indian)	Atherosclerosis Fibromuscular dysplasia Takayasu’s dis.
MC site of ectopic Pancreatic tissue	Stomach and Meckel’s diverticulum
MC site of accessory spleen	Splenic hilum and vesicular pedicle
MC motility disorder of oesophagus	Nut Cracker
MC point mutation in Beta Thallesemia	1.       In splicing region 2.       Promoter region
MC hodgkin’s Lymphoma	World – NS India – Mixed
MC cause of steroid resistant Nephrotic	FSGS
MC cause of primary hyperthyroid	1.       Bilateral cortical hyperplasia 2.       Adrenal adenoma
MC affected in Polio	Quadriceps
Most Severely affected in Polio	Tibialis Anterior
MC esophageal Ca	India – Middle 1/3 (SCC) World – Lower  1/3 ( Adeno)
MC primary malignant brain tumor in child	Meduloblastoma
MC primary brain tumor in child	Pilocytic Astrocytoma
MC abdominal mass in newborn	MultiCystic Renal Dysplasia